Disseminated Tuberculosis in an Adolescent

Authors

Keywords:

childhood tuberculosis; disseminated tuberculosis; sarcoid galaxy and cluster; rapid molecular diagnostic methods.

Abstract

Introduction: The post-COVID-19 pandemic era has favored the reemergence of tuberculosis worldwide and in Cuba, also affecting the pediatric population.

Objective: To present an unusual case of disseminated tuberculosis in an adolescent.

Case report: A 14-year-old adolescent presented with bilateral cervical and right supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, non-mobile and painless, measuring between 19 and 26 mm, of recent onset, without other symptoms. Hepatomegaly of 2 cm and a prominent spleen were also noted. Ultrasound revealed cervical lymphadenopathy, but not in other regional lymph nodes, which showed no flow on color Doppler. Chest X-ray was normal, and hematological studies were unremarkable. The mother had had tuberculosis 13 years prior; the girl received prophylaxis. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was inconclusive. The chest CT scan revealed pulmonary nodules in both apices (sarcoid galaxy and cluster, consistent with tuberculosis), calcified lymph nodes, and a subpleural nodule. Molecular analysis of lymph node tissue identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis with low viral load and no rifampicin resistance. The presence of lesions in more than two non-contiguous organs suggested disseminated tuberculosis, possibly due to simultaneous reactivation of multiple seeding sites, but with an atypical, minimally symptomatic presentation.

Conclusions: The risk of developing active tuberculosis increases during adolescence, especially during the pubertal growth spurt. The importance of chest CT and molecular techniques is highlighted due to their high sensitivity and specificity, providing results in a short time.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023 [acceso 15/05/2025]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023

2. Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadística de Salud. Anuario Estadístico de Salud 2023. La Habana: Ministerio de Salud Pública; 2024 [acceso 15/05/2025]. Disponible en: https://temas.sld.cu/estadisticassalud/

3. Abreu-Suárez G, González-Valdés JA, Sánchez de la Osa R, Suárez-Álvarez L, Fuentes-Fernández G, Portuondo Leyva R, et al. Tuberculosis infantil en Cuba. Rev Cubana Pediatr. 2020; [acceso 15/05/2025];92(3):e1056. Disponible en http://www.revpediatria.sld.cu/index.php/ped/article/view/1056/610

4. Highsmith HY, Starke JR, Mandalakas AM. Tuberculosis. En: Wilmott RW, Sly P, Deterding R (eds.). Kendig’s Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. 9 ed. Barcelona: Elsevier; 2019. p. 425-97.

5. Cruz AT, Starke JR. Tuberculosis. En: Cherry JD, Harrison SL (eds). Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 7 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2014 [acceso 15/05/2025]. p. 1335-80. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#%21/browse/book/3-s2.0-C20101688232

6. Gana E, Schiappacasse G. Manifestaciones tomográficas extrapulmonares de TBC y algunas de sus complicaciones asociadas. Rev Argent Radiol. 2018;82:28-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1637028

7. Kathamuthu GR, Moideen K, Baskaran D, Sekar G, Rathinam S, Bharathi VJ, et al. Tuberculous lymphadenitis is associated with altered levels of circulating angiogenic factors. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(5):557-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.17.0609

8. Cameron LH, Starke JR. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). En: Kliegman RM, St Geme James III JW (eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2022. p. 1835-55.

9. González-Cortiñas M, Román-Abreu A, Borges-Fernández R, Hernández-Niebla L. Tuberculosis diseminada. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura. Rev Med Clin Condes. 2023;34(5):376-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2023.08.003

10. Santiago García B. Tuberculosis. En: García JJ, Cruz O, Mintegi S, Moreno JM (eds). Manual de Pediatría. M. Cruz. 4 ed. Majadahonda, Madrid: Ergon; 2020. p. 496-500.

11. Tonne EO, Fosbøl MO, Poulsen A, Nygaard U, Højgaard L, Borgward L. Imaging modalities for pulmonary tuberculosis in children: A systematic review. EJR Open. 2022;10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2022.100472

12. Rodríguez-Molino P, Santiago García B, Mellado Peña MJ. Tuberculosis pediátrica y tuberculosis congénita. En: Calvo Rey C, Martínez Campos L, Moraleda Redecilla MC, Rivero Calle I (coords.). Protocolos. Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica. 2 ed. Madrid: Asociación Española de Pediatría; 2023 [acceso 15/05/2025]. p. 369-86. Disponible en: www.aeped.es/protocolos/

13. Marchiori E, Zanetti G, Mano CM. Tuberculosis pulmonar con signo de cúmulo sarcoideo en la tomografía computarizada de tórax de alta resolución. Radiología. 2010;52(3):273-5. DOI: https://doi:10.1016/j.rx.2010.01.016

14. OPS. Tratamiento de las enfermedades infecciosas 2024-2026. 9 ed. Washington, D. C.: Organización Panamericana de la Salud; 2024. p. 94-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37774/9789275328699

15. American Academy of Pediatrics American Academy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. En: Kimberlin DW, Banerjee R, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH (eds.). Red Book: 2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Illinois: Elk Grove Village; 2024. p. 888-920.

Published

2026-03-25

How to Cite

1.
Abreu Suárez G, Sánchez de la Osa R, Portuondo Barbarrosa E, Flores LLoberas M, Ramos Jiménez B. Disseminated Tuberculosis in an Adolescent. Rev Cubana Pediatría [Internet]. 2026 Mar. 25 [cited 2026 Mar. 27];98. Available from: https://revpediatria.sld.cu/index.php/ped/article/view/8267