GuÃa de práctica clÃnica en derrame pleural paraneumónico y empiema pleural.
Resumen
La acumulación de fluido purulento o la presencia de bacterias en la tinción de Gram en el lÃquido pleural se define como empiema, se puede desarrollar entre 2- 12 % de los niños con neumonÃa, por lo general bacteriana. Evoluciona en tres fases, la exudativa, fibrinopurulenta y organizada. El cuadro clÃnico está dado por manifestaciones respiratorias con fiebre persistente y malestar general. Los estudios radiológicos son importantes para el diagnóstico y es el ultrasonido pleural la modalidad de imagen preferida pues confirma la presencia y volumen de fluido pleural, asà como la existencia de septos o tabiques. El tratamiento se basa en antibioticoterapia y drenaje a través de una pleurostomÃa; si hay presencia de tabiques, esfacelos o el estudio bioquÃmico del lÃquido pleural informa pH 7; glucosa 2,2 mmol/L; LDH 1000 UI, se comienza con estreptoquinasa intrapleural. El tratamiento quirúrgico se indica si hay deterioro clÃnico y radiológico después de concluir el uso de fibrinolÃticos, persistencia de sepsis asociada a colección pleural a pesar del drenaje, coraza de fibrina que impide la reexpansión pulmonar y fÃstula broncopleural con neumotórax. La mortalidad es baja.
Palabras clave: empiema; derrame pleural paraneumónico; terapia fibrinolÃtica; tratamiento quirúrgico.
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